The Court of Appeal has ruled that the initiation of legal or arbitral proceedings by an employer against a ‘whistleblower’ who has made a protected disclosure constitutes an actionable detriment under the Employment Rights Act (ERA) 1996, effectively overriding the defence of Judicial Proceedings Immunity, or JPI.
In November 2021, the claimant, initiated Employment Tribunal proceedings against his former employer for post-employment detriment as a consequence of whistleblowing. The claimant, who had worked at his employers’ London residence until his resignation in 2019, alleged that he made protected disclosures regarding instances of verbal and physical abuse by his employer directed at members of staff.
The respondent's defence was that the claimant had made the allegations for financial gain rather than for altruistic reasons, had breached a confidentiality and independent consulting agreement under ICC Rules, and was effectively running an "extortion scheme" by making "false claims".
The Court allowed the appeal based on the protection of whistleblowers by the ERA 1996, concluding that this statutory protection overrides the common law doctrine of JPI. In the Court’s view, allowing an employer to use litigation as a shield against a whistleblowing claim would render the legislation meaningless, as Section 47B(1) of the ERA provides a right not to be subjected to "any detriment by any act" by an employer for making a protected disclosure, including any perceived breach of confidence, as such a mechanism would effectively enable employers to escape liability by suing whistleblowers. Moreover, under Section 43J of the ERA, any confidentiality agreement that precludes a protected disclosure is deemed to be void.
Thus, the initiation of legal or arbitral proceedings by an employer against a worker, when executed on the ground of a protected disclosure, is actionable as a detriment under Section 47B of the ERA. This ruling effectively prevents employers from using litigation as a de facto penalty or "punitive tool" to harass or financially pressure a whistleblower. The Court has now established that this protection is not limited to threats, but also extends to the act of commencing proceedings. Employers should note that they cannot simply bypass Section 43J by enforcing a confidentiality clause through arbitration proceedings.